=encoding UTF-8

=head1 Name

sqitch - Sane database change management

=head1 Synopsis

  sqitch [<options>] <command> [<command-options>] [<args>]

=head1 Description

Sqitch is a database change management application. What makes it different
from your typical L<migration|Module::Build::DB>-L<style|DBIx::Migration>
approaches? A few things:

=over

=item No opinions

Sqitch is not integrated with any framework, ORM, or platform. Rather, it is a
standalone change management system with no opinions about your database
engine, application framework, or your development environment.

=item Native scripting

Changes are implemented as scripts native to your selected database engine.
Writing a L<PostgreSQL|http://postgresql.org/> application? Write SQL scripts
for L<C<psql>|http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/app-psql.html>.
Writing an L<Oracle|http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/>-backed app?
Write SQL scripts for L<SQL*Plus|http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/SQL*Plus>.

=begin comment

=item VCS integration

Sqitch likes to use your VCS history to determine in what order to execute
changes. No need to keep track of execution order; your VCS already tracks
information sufficient for Sqitch to figure it out for you.

=end comment

=item Dependency resolution

Database changes may declare dependencies on other changes -- even on changes
from other Sqitch projects. This ensures proper order of execution, even when
you've committed changes to your VCS out-of-order.

=item No numbering

Change deployment is managed by maintaining a plan file. As such, there is no
need to number your changes, although you can if you want. Sqitch doesn't much
care how you name your changes.

=item Iterative Development

Up until you tag and release your application, you can modify your change
deployment scripts as often as you like. They're not locked in just because
they've been committed to your VCS. This allows you to take an iterative
approach to developing your database schema. Or, better, you can do
test-driven database development.

=begin comment

=item Bundling

Rely on your VCS history for deployment but have Sqitch bundle up changes for
distribution. Sqitch can read your VCS history and write out a plan file along
with the appropriate deployment and reversion scripts. Once the bundle is
installed on a new system, Sqitch can use the plan file to deploy or the
changes in the proper order.

=item Reduced Duplication

If you're using a VCS to track your changes, you don't have to duplicate
entire change scripts for simple changes. As long as the changes are
L<idempotent|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence>, you can change
your code directly, and Sqitch will know it needs to be updated.

=end comment

=back

Ready to get started? Here's where:

=over

=item Sqitch Tutorials

Detailed tutorials demonstrating the creation, development, and maintenance
of a database with Sqitch.

=over

=item * L<PostgreSQL Tutorial|sqitchtutorial>

=item * L<SQLite Tutorial|sqitchtutorial-sqlite>

=item * L<MySQL Tutorial|sqitchtutorial-mysql>

=item * L<Oracle Tutorial|sqitchtutorial-oracle>

=item * L<Firebird Tutorial|sqitchtutorial-firebird>

=back

=item L<PDX.pm Presentation|https://speakerdeck.com/theory/sane-database-change-management-with-sqitch>

Slides from "Sane Database Management with Sqitch", presented to the Portland
Perl Mongers in January, 2013.

=item L<PDXPUG Presentation|https://vimeo.com/50104469>

Movie of "Sane Database Management with Sqitch", presented to the Portland
PostgreSQL Users Group in September, 2012.

=item L<Agile Database Development|https://speakerdeck.com/theory/agile-database-development-2ed>

Three-hour tutorial session on using L<Git|http://git-scm.org/>, test-driven
development with L<pgTAP|http://pgtap.org>, and change management with Sqitch.

=back

=begin comment

Eventually move to L<sqitchtutorial> or L<sqitchintro> or some such.

=end comment

=head2 Terminology

=over

=item C<change>

A named unit of change. A change name must be used in the file names of its
deploy and a revert scripts. It may also be used in a verify script file
name.

=item C<tag>

A known deployment state, pointing to a single change, typically corresponding
to a release. Think of it is a version number or VCS revision. A given point
in the plan may have any number of tags.

=item C<state>

The current state of the database. This is represented by the most
recently-deployed change. If the state of the database is the same as the most
recent change, then it is considered "up-to-date".

=item C<plan>

A list of one or more changes and their dependencies that define the order of
deployment execution. The plan is stored in a "plan file," usually named
F<sqitch.plan>. Sqitch reads the plan file to determine what changes to
execute to change the database from one state to another.

=item C<target>

A named database to which to deploy changes. Always has an associated
connection URI, and may also have an associated command-line client and
registry name.

=item C<registry>

The name of the database object where Sqitch's state and history data is
stored. Typically a schema name (as in PostgreSQL and Oracle) or a database
name (as in SQLite and MySQL).

=item C<add>

The act of adding a change to the plan. Sqitch will generate scripts for the
change, which you then may modify with the necessary code (typically DDLs) to
actually deploy, revert, and verify the change.

=item C<deploy>

The act of deploying changes to a database. Sqitch reads the plan, checks the
current state of the database, and applies all the changes necessary to either
bring the database up-to-date or to a requested state (a change name or tag).

=item C<revert>

The act of reverting database changes to reach an earlier deployment state.
Sqitch reads the list of deployed changes from the database and reverts
them in the reverse of the order in which they were applied. All changes
may be reverted, or changes may be reverted to a requested state (a change
name or tag).

=item C<committer>

User who commits or reverts changes to a database.

=item C<planner>

User who adds a change to the plan.

=back

=head1 Options

  -f --plan-file  FILE      Path to a deployment plan file.
     --engine     ENGINE    Database engine.
     --registry   REGISTRY  Registry schema or database.
     --client     PATH      Path to the engine command-line client.
     --top-dir    DIR       Path to directory with plan and scripts.
     --deploy-dir DIR       Path to directory with deployment scripts.
     --revert-dir DIR       Path to directory with reversion scripts.
     --verify-dir DIR       Path to directory with verify scripts.
     --extension  EXT       SQL script file name extension.
     --etc-path             Print the path to the etc directory and exit.
     --quiet                Quiet mode with non-error output suppressed.
  -v --verbose              Increment verbosity.
     --version              Print the version number and exit.
     --help                 Show a list of commands and exit.
     --man                  Print the introductory documentation and exit.

=head1 Options Details

=over

=item C<-f>

=item C<--plan-file>

  sqitch --plan-file plan.txt
  sqitch -f main.plan

Path to the deployment plan file. Defaults to F<$top_dir/sqitch.plan>. See
L</Plan File> for a description of its structure.

=item C<--engine>

  sqitch --engine pg

The database engine to use. Supported engines include:

=over

=item * C<pg> - L<PostgreSQL|http://postgresql.org/> and L<Postgres-XC|http://sourceforge.net/>

=item * C<sqlite> - L<SQLite|http://sqlite.org/>

=item * C<oracle> - L<Oracle|http://www.oracle.com/us/products/database/>

=item * C<mysql> - L<MySQL|http://dev.mysql.com/> and L<MariaDB|https://mariadb.com/>

=item * C<firebird> - L<Firebird|http://www.firebirdsql.org/>

=back

=item C<--registry>

  sqitch --registry registry

The name of the Sqitch registry schema or database. Sqitch will store its own
data here.

=item C<--client>

  sqitch --client /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql

Path to the command-line client for the database engine. Defaults to a client
in the current path named appropriately for the specified engine.

=item C<--top-dir>

  sqitch --top-dir migrations/

Path to directory containing deploy, revert, and verify SQL scripts. It
should contain subdirectories named C<deploy>, C<revert>, and (optionally)
C<verify>. These may be overridden by C<--deploy-dir>, C<--revert-dir>, and
C<--verify-dir>. Defaults to C<./sql>.

=item C<--deploy-dir>

  sqitch --deploy-dir db/up

Path to a directory containing SQL deployment scripts. Overrides the value
implied by C<--top-dir>.

=item C<--revert-dir>

  sqitch --revert-dir db/up

Path to a directory containing SQL reversion scripts. Overrides the value
implied by C<--top-dir>.

=item C<--verify-dir>

  sqitch --verify-dir db/t

Path to a directory containing SQL verify scripts. Overrides the value implied
by C<--top-dir>.

=item C<--extension>

  sqitch --extension ddl

The file name extension on deploy, revert, and verify SQL scripts.
Defaults to C<sql>.

=item C<--etc-path>

  sqitch --etc-path

Print out the path to the Sqitch F<etc> directory and exit. This is the
directory where the system-wide configuration file lives, as well as change
script templates.

=item C<--quiet>

Suppress normal output messages. Error messages will still be emitted to
C<STDERR>. Overrides any value specified by C<--verbose>.

=item C<-v>

=item C<--verbose>

  sqitch --verbose
  sqitch -vvv

Pass multiple times to specify a value between 0 and 3 to determine how
verbose Sqitch should be. Unless C<--quiet> is specified, the default is 1,
meaning that Sqitch will output basic status messages as it does its thing.
Values of 2 and 3 each cause greater verbosity. Ignored if C<--quiet> is
specified.

=item C<--help>

  sqitch --help

Outputs a brief description all known Sqitch commands and exits.

=item C<--man>

  sqitch --man

Outputs this documentation and exits.

=item C<-V>

=item C<--version>

  sqitch --version

Outputs the program name and version and exits.

=back

=head1 Sqitch Commands

=over

=item L<C<init>|sqitch-init>

Create the plan file and directories for deploy, revert, and verify scripts if
they do not already exist. This command is useful for starting a new Sqitch
project.

=item L<C<status>|sqitch-status>

Output information about the current deployment state of a database, including
the name of the last deployed change, as well as any tags applied to it. If
any changes in the plan have not been deployed, they will be listed
separately.

=item L<C<log>|sqitch-log>

Search and Output the complete change history of a database. Provides
information about when changes were deployed, reverted, or failed, as well as
who planned and committed the changes, and when.

=item L<C<add>|sqitch-add>

Add a new change.

=item L<C<tag>|sqitch-tag>

List tags or tag the latest change.

=item L<C<rework>|sqitch-rework>

Rework an existing change.

=item L<C<target>|sqitch-target>

Manage target databases.

=item L<C<deploy>|sqitch-deploy>

Deploy changes to a database

=item L<C<revert>|sqitch-revert>

Revert changes from a database.

=item L<C<verify>|sqitch-verify>

Verify changes deployed to a database.

=item L<C<config>|sqitch-config>

Get and set project, user, or system Sqitch options.

=item L<C<bundle>|sqitch-bundle>

Bundle a Sqitch project for distribution. This command copies the Sqitch
configuration, plan, and deploy, revert, and verify scripts to a directory, so
that it can be packaged up for distribution, such as in an RPM or tarball.

=item L<C<help>|sqitch-help>

Show help for a specific command or, if no command is specified, show the same
documentation as C<--help>.

=back

=head1 Configuration

Sqitch configuration can be set up on a project, user, or system-wide basis.
The format of the configuration file, named F<sqitch.conf>, is the same as for
L<git>.

Here's an example of a configuration file that might be useful checked into a
VCS for a project that deploys to PostgreSQL and stores its deployment scripts
with the extension F<ddl> under the C<migrations> directory. It also wants
bundle to be created in the F<_build/sql> directory, and to deploy starting
with the "gamma" tag:

  [core]
      engine    = pg
      top_dir   = migrations
      extension = ddl

  [engine "pg"]
      target    = widgetopolis

  [revert]
      to        = gamma

  [bundle]
      from      = gamma
      tags_only = yes
      dest_dir  = _build/sql

  [target "widgetopolis"]
      uri       = db:pg:widgetopolis

And here's an example of useful configuration in F<~/.sqitch/sqitch.conf>, to
point to system-specific engine information:

  [user]
      name      = Marge N. O’Vera
      email     = marge@example.com

  [engine "pg"]
      client    = /usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql

  [engine "mysql"]
      client    = /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql

  [engine "oracle"]
      client    = /usr/local/instantclient_11_2/sqlplus

  [engine "sqlite"]
      client    = /usr/local/bin/sqlite3

Various commands read from the configuration file and adjust their operation
accordingly. See L<sqitch-config> for a list.

=head1 See Also

The original design for Sqitch was sketched out in a number of blog posts:

=over

=item *

L<Simple SQL Change Management|http://justatheory.com/computers/databases/simple-sql-change-management.html>

=item *

L<VCS-Enabled SQL Change Management|http://justatheory.com/computers/databases/vcs-sql-change-management.html>

=item *

L<SQL Change Management Sans Duplication|http://justatheory.com/computers/databases/sql-change-management-sans-redundancy.html>

=back

Other tools that do database change management include:

=over

=item L<Rails migrations|http://guides.rubyonrails.org/migrations.html>

Numbered migrations for L<Ruby on Rails|http://rubyonrails.org/>.

=item L<Module::Build::DB>

Numbered changes in pure SQL, integrated with Perl's L<Module::Build> build
system. Does not support reversion.

=item L<DBIx::Migration>

Numbered migrations in pure SQL.

=item L<Versioning|http://www.depesz.com/2010/08/22/versioning/>

PostgreSQL-specific dependency-tracking solution by
L<depesz|http://www.depesz.com/>.

=back

=head1 Author

David E. Wheeler <david@justatheory.com>

=head1 License

Copyright (c) 2012-2014 iovation Inc.

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

=cut